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PART I INTRODUCTION
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PART II INSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
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2.INSTITUTIONAL, POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR RURAL SANITATION AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
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2.1 Overview
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2.2.Institutional Arrangement
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2.3.Policies and Regulations
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2.4 Discharge Standards
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2.5.Sources of funds
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2.6.Typical provincial cases
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2.7.Conclusions and recommendations
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PART III TECHNICAL BASIS
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3 Overview of Rural Sanitation and Wastewater Management
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3.1 Domestic Wastewater
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3.2 Rural Toilets in China – Source of Black Water
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3.3 Decentralized vs. Centralized Rural Wastewater Management
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4 Rural Wastewater Treatment Technology
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4.1 Preliminary Treatment
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4.2. Primary Treatment
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4.3 Secondary Treatment
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4.3.1 Attached Growth Process
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4.3.2 Suspended growth Process
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4.3.3 Waste Stabilization Pond
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4.3.4 Constructed Wetlands
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4.3.5 Subsurface Wastewater Infiltration Systems
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5 Wastewater Treatment Process Design
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5.1 General Design Consideration
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5.2 Sewage Collection Alternatives
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5.3 Wastewater Treatment Process Design
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5.4 Water Reuse
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5.5 Sludge Management
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PART IV PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN
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6 Project Planning and Design
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6.1 Diagnosis for Project Villages – Initial Community Assessment
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6.2 Establishment of Stakeholder Group
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6.3 Assessment on Existing Conditions and Community’s Capacity
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6.3.1 Physical Conditions Assessment
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6.3.2 Community’s Capacity Assessment
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6.4 Baseline Engineering Survey and Assessment
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6.5 Project Feasibility Study and Environmental Impact Assessment
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6.6 Selection of Operation Model
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6.7 Project Cost Estimate
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7 Community Participation
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7.1 Why Need Community Participation?
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7.2 Principles of Community Participation
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7.3 Community Participation Activities
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PART V PROJECT FINANCING
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8 Financing, Subsidies, and Cost Recovery
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8.1 Programmatic Costs
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8.2 Project Implementation Costs
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8.3 Project Financing
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8.4 Subsidies
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8.5 Cost Recovery
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PART VI PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND MANAGEMENT
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9 Procurement and Implementation
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9.1 Procurement Principles
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9.2 Procurement Alternatives
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9.3 Procurement Planning
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10 System Adminstration, Operation, Maintenance and Monitoring
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10.1 Introduction
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10.2 Management and Administration Arrangement
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10.3 Operation and Maintenance
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10.4 Reporting and Monitoring
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10.5 Operator Training and Support
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Appendix: Case Studies – Rural Wastewater Management in Zhejiang, Shanxi, and Jiangsu Province
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1.Zhejiang Province
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2.Shanxi Province
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3.Jiangsu Province
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4.Summary
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REFERENCES
10.1.1 Sustainability of A Rural Wastewater Management Project
- Categories: 10.1 Introduction
- Time of issue: 2022-04-28 10:30:21
- Views: 0
A rural wastewater management project consists of three phases of development, including the planning and design phase, the construction phase, and most importantly, the operation and maintenance (O&M) phase. Commonly, development programs executed by national governments and non-government organizations (NGOs) will focus on the first two phases of development and leave the last phase of the project to beneficiaries of the project. This approach has commonly resulted in a high failure rate of projects for several reasons, including a lack of proper training of the local community on the O&M requirements of the system, inadequate ongoing monitoring and evaluation by the regulatory community, the introduction of inappropriate technology that cannot be financially or technically supported by the community and other possible reasons. Therefore, project sponsors need to consider all three phases: planning and design, construction, and O&M as integral to sustainable development projects, so that their projects support each phase equally and effectively.
A village wastewater treatment system may require daily, weekly, and monthly operation and maintenance activities to operate properly and provide effective treatment of the wastewater. To provide efficient and effective sanitary service, an O&M program shall be established to include management, administrative, operation, maintenance, and monitoring activities.
A sanitation service is sustainable when:
- it is functioning and being used;
- It is able to deliver an appropriate level of benefits (quality, quantity, convenience, comfort, continuity, affordability, efficiency, equity, reliability, health);
- It continues over a prolonged period of time (which goes beyond the lifecycle of the equipment);
- Its management is institutionalized (community management, gender perspective, partnership with local authorities, involvement of formal/informal private sector);
- Its operation, maintenance, administrative and replacement costs are covered at local level (through user fees, or alternative financial mechanisms);
- It can be operated and maintained at the local level with limited but feasible external support (technical assistance, training, monitoring); and
- It does not affect the environment or public health negatively.
Sustainability relies on four interrelated factors: a) technical factors, b) community factors, c) environmental factors, and d) the legal and institutional framework (WHO, 2003). Felt need for improved sanitation service is the prerequisite for sustainable O&M. Linking technology choice with operation and maintenance requirements at the planning stage is critical in the technology selection process, so that communities are able and willing to operate, maintain, administrate and finance the new service, as the ownership and responsibility of the community is all-important during O&M phase. The environmental conditions bear on the performance of wastewater treatment systems, which therefore determines the O&M requirements. Overall, financial factors are key components inherent in all the above factors.
