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PART I INTRODUCTION
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PART II INSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
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2.INSTITUTIONAL, POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR RURAL SANITATION AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
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2.1 Overview
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2.2.Institutional Arrangement
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2.3.Policies and Regulations
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2.4 Discharge Standards
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2.5.Sources of funds
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2.6.Typical provincial cases
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2.7.Conclusions and recommendations
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PART III TECHNICAL BASIS
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3 Overview of Rural Sanitation and Wastewater Management
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3.1 Domestic Wastewater
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3.2 Rural Toilets in China – Source of Black Water
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3.3 Decentralized vs. Centralized Rural Wastewater Management
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4 Rural Wastewater Treatment Technology
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4.1 Preliminary Treatment
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4.2. Primary Treatment
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4.3 Secondary Treatment
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4.3.1 Attached Growth Process
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4.3.2 Suspended growth Process
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4.3.3 Waste Stabilization Pond
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4.3.4 Constructed Wetlands
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4.3.5 Subsurface Wastewater Infiltration Systems
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5 Wastewater Treatment Process Design
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5.1 General Design Consideration
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5.2 Sewage Collection Alternatives
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5.3 Wastewater Treatment Process Design
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5.4 Water Reuse
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5.5 Sludge Management
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PART IV PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN
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6 Project Planning and Design
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6.1 Diagnosis for Project Villages – Initial Community Assessment
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6.2 Establishment of Stakeholder Group
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6.3 Assessment on Existing Conditions and Community’s Capacity
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6.3.1 Physical Conditions Assessment
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6.3.2 Community’s Capacity Assessment
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6.4 Baseline Engineering Survey and Assessment
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6.5 Project Feasibility Study and Environmental Impact Assessment
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6.6 Selection of Operation Model
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6.7 Project Cost Estimate
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7 Community Participation
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7.1 Why Need Community Participation?
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7.2 Principles of Community Participation
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7.3 Community Participation Activities
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PART V PROJECT FINANCING
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8 Financing, Subsidies, and Cost Recovery
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8.1 Programmatic Costs
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8.2 Project Implementation Costs
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8.3 Project Financing
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8.4 Subsidies
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8.5 Cost Recovery
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PART VI PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND MANAGEMENT
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9 Procurement and Implementation
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9.1 Procurement Principles
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9.2 Procurement Alternatives
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9.3 Procurement Planning
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10 System Adminstration, Operation, Maintenance and Monitoring
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10.1 Introduction
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10.2 Management and Administration Arrangement
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10.3 Operation and Maintenance
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10.4 Reporting and Monitoring
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10.5 Operator Training and Support
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Appendix: Case Studies – Rural Wastewater Management in Zhejiang, Shanxi, and Jiangsu Province
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1.Zhejiang Province
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2.Shanxi Province
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3.Jiangsu Province
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4.Summary
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REFERENCES
8.2.2 Project Construction
- Categories: 8.2 Project Implementation Costs
- Time of issue: 2022-04-28 10:54:48
- Views: 0
The construction costs are the biggest project specific costs and normally are approximately 65% of the total budgeted project costs. The construction costs include: mobilization and staging (1.5%); project construction (50%); waste management and pollution control (2%); project startup and testing (1%); operator training (0.5%); and contractor profit and overhead (10%).
Mobilization and Staging Costs. The contractor incurs these expenses to mobilize their equipment, materials, field office and personnel to the project or job site. This cost is typically estimated as 1.5% of the total project cost.
Project Construction. The physical construction of the project is the largest of the project-specific costs. It includes labor and material costs for constructing the fixed works, for example a new sewer collection system, wastewater treatment facility and land disposal system. If a sewer system is to be constructed, the proportion of the costs for sewer pipes and wastewater treatment facilities shall not exceed 2.5:1 in principle. The physical construction costs consume approximately 50% of the total project budget.
Waste Management and Pollution Control. During and after construction of any new project, solid waste will be generated. Minimizing, recycling, managing, and/or disposing of the waste incurs costs. Additional air and water pollution, noise and soil erosion control measures are also needed to minimize construction-related environmental impacts. Costs of these controls typically amount to approximately 2% of the total project costs.
System Startup, Testing, and Training. If the wastewater treatment system includes any mechanical equipment or controls, such as a clustered or centralized wastewater treatment system, there may be a short period of time required to start-up and commissioning after completing construction. All projects will require some level of technical training to assure the proper operation and maintenance of the new system regardless of the technology installed. These activities typically consume 1.5% of the total project costs and will vary depending on the type, complexity, and scale of the project.
Contractor Profit and Overhead. The final construction related costs include contractor’s markup costs to cover their profit and overhead, which may also include any costs associated with project bonding and insurance. These expenses typically amount to 10% of the total project budget.
