1 Introduction 

• 1.1 Background – Why Need the Practice Guideline

• 1.2 Purpose and Objectives of the Practice Guideline

• 1.3 How to Use This Practice Guideline

2.INSTITUTIONAL, POLICY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR RURAL SANITATION AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 

• 2.1 Overview

• 2.2.Institutional Arrangement 

  • 2.2.1 Basic Framework

  • 2.2.2 National Level 

    • 2.2.2.1 Historical Evolution of Administrative Framework
    • 2.2.2.2 Management institutions and their responsibilities
    • 2.2.2.3 Division of responsibilities
    • 2.2.2.4 Division of Funds Management

  • 2.2.3 Local level

  • 2.2.4 Summary

• 2.3.Policies and Regulations 

  • 2.3.1 National Level

  • 2.3.2 Local Level

  • 2.3.3 National and Local Regulations

  • 2.3.4.Summary

• 2.4 Discharge Standards 

  • 2.4.1 Local discharge standards

  • 2.4.2.Standard classification situation

  • 2.4.3.Discharge standard setting

  • 2.4.4.Summary

• 2.5.Sources of funds 

  • 2.5.Sources of funds

  • 2.5.1.Main sources of funding

  • 2.5.2 Summary

• 2.6.Typical provincial cases

• 2.7.Conclusions and recommendations 

  • 2.7.1.Current situation

  • 2.7.2 Problems

  • 2.7.3 Recommendations

3 Overview of Rural Sanitation and Wastewater Management 

• 3.1 Domestic Wastewater

• 3.2 Rural Toilets in China – Source of Black Water 

  • 3.2.1 Three-Chamber Septic Tank Toilet

  • 3.2.2 Double-pit Dry Toilet

  • 3.2.3 Flush Toilets Connected to Public Sewer System

• 3.3 Decentralized vs. Centralized Rural Wastewater Management 

  • 3.3.1 Introduction

  • 3.3.2 Decentralized Wastewater System

  • 3.3.3 Centralized Wastewater Treatment System

4 Rural Wastewater Treatment Technology 

• 4.1 Preliminary Treatment 

  • 4.1.1 Bar Screens

  • 4.1.2 Grit Chambers

• 4.2. Primary Treatment 

  • 4.2.1 Septic Tank

• 4.3 Secondary Treatment 

  • 4.3.1 Attached Growth Process 

    • 4.3.1.1 Trickling Filter
    • 4.3.1.2 Rotating Biological Contactorr

  • 4.3.2 Suspended growth Process 

    • 4.3.2.1 Activated Sludge Process
    • 4.3.2.2 Sequencing Batch Reacto

  • 4.3.3 Waste Stabilization Pond

  • 4.3.4 Constructed Wetlands

  • 4.3.5 Subsurface Wastewater Infiltration Systems

5 Wastewater Treatment Process Design 

• 5.1 General Design Consideration 

  • 5.1.1 Decentralized vs. Centralized

  • 5.1.2 Treatment Process Design

  • 5.1.3 Design of Sewer Systems

• 5.2 Sewage Collection Alternatives 

  • 5.2.1 Small Diameter Gravity Sewer

  • 5.2.2 Small Pressure Sewer

  • 5.2.3 Effluent Sewer System

  • 5.2.4.Indicative Costs of Sewer System

• 5.3 Wastewater Treatment Process Design 

  • 5.3.1 Introduction

  • 5.3.2 Septic System

  • 5.3.3 Attached Growth Process + Construction Wetland/Stabilization Pond System

  • 5.3.4 Suspended Growth Process + Construction Wetland/Stabilization Pond Treatment System

• 5.4 Water Reuse

• 5.5 Sludge Management 

  • 5.5.1 On-site Sludge Management

  • 5.5.2 Off-site Sludge Management

6 Project Planning and Design 

• 6.1 Diagnosis for Project Villages – Initial Community Assessment

• 6.2 Establishment of Stakeholder Group

• 6.3 Assessment on Existing Conditions and Community’s Capacity 

  • 6.3.1 Physical Conditions Assessment

  • 6.3.2 Community’s Capacity Assessment 

    • 6.3.2.1 Project management capacity
    • 6.3.2.2 Financial capacity

• 6.4 Baseline Engineering Survey and Assessment

• 6.5 Project Feasibility Study and Environmental Impact Assessment

• 6.6 Selection of Operation Model

• 6.7 Project Cost Estimate

7 Community Participation 

• 7.1 Why Need Community Participation?

• 7.2 Principles of Community Participation

• 7.3 Community Participation Activities 

  • 7.3.1 Community-based Organization Arrangement

  • 7.3.2 Public Health Promotion

  • 7.3.3 Project Planning and Design Phase 

    • 7.3.3.1 Community Assessment
    • 7.3.3.2 Project Alternatives Review and Selection
    • 7.3.3.3 Project Engineering Design

  • 7.3.4 Project Implementation Phase

  • 7.3.5 O&M Phase

8 Financing, Subsidies, and Cost Recovery 

• 8.1 Programmatic Costs

• 8.2 Project Implementation Costs 

  • 8.2.1 Project Administration, Planning, Design and Supervision

  • 8.2.2 Project Construction

  • 8.2.3 Contingency Costs

  • 8.2.4 Operation and Maintenance Costs

• 8.3 Project Financing 

  • 8.3.1 Alternative Sources of Funds

  • 8.3.2 Non-Monetary Costs

• 8.4 Subsidies 

  • 8.4.1 Overview and Issues

  • 8.4.2 Types of Subsidies

  • 8.4.3 Subsidy Partnerships with Local and Community Cost Sharing

• 8.5 Cost Recovery 

  • 8.5.1 Introduction

  • 8.5.2 Project Implications on Cost Recovery

  • 8.5.3 Maximizing the Willingness to Pay (WTP)

  • 8.5.4 Optimizing Operation and Maintenance Costs

  • 8.5.5 Setting and Appropriate and Equitable Tariff Structure

  • 8.5.6 Options for Charges

9 Procurement and Implementation 

• 9.1 Procurement Principles

• 9.2 Procurement Alternatives 

  • 9.2.1 Design-Bid and Build (DB&B)

  • 9.2.2 Design and Build (DB)

  • 9.2.3 Design, Build and Manager (and Transfer)

• 9.3 Procurement Planning 

  • 9.3.1 Introduction

  • 9.3.2 Project Management and Implementation Team

  • 9.3.3 Scope of Work

  • 9.3.4 Developing a Procurement Schedule

10 System Adminstration, Operation, Maintenance and Monitoring 

• 10.1 Introduction 

  • 10.1.1 Sustainability of A Rural Wastewater Management Project

• 10.2 Management and Administration Arrangement

• 10.3 Operation and Maintenance 

  • 10.3.1 Education and Outreach

  • 10.3.2 Maintenance Program Elements

  • 10.3.3 Sanitation System Maintenance

  • 10.3.4 Sludge and Residual Management

  • 10.3.5 Emergency Response Planning

  • 10.3.6 Safety

• 10.4 Reporting and Monitoring 

  • 10.4.1 Reporting

  • 10.4.2 Water Testing and Flow Monitoring

  • 10.4.3 Equipment Monitoring

• 10.5 Operator Training and Support

1.Zhejiang Province 

• 1.1Institutional management

• 1.2 Policies and Regulations

• 1.3 Rural wastewater treatment cases in typical cities (districts)

• 1.4 Rural wastewater treatment case in typical counties

• 1.Zhejiang Province

2.Shanxi Province 

• 2.1 Institutional management

• 2.2 Policies and regulations

• 2.3 Typical cases of rural wastewater treatment in cities and counties

3.Jiangsu Province 

• 3.1 Overall situation

• 3.2 Development goals

• 3.3 Typical Counties Cases of rural wastewater treatment

4.Summary 

• 4.Summary

1.REFERENCES